Association between meat, fish, and fatty acid intake and incidence of acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome: the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study

BACKGROUND@#The association between meat, fish, or fatty acid intake and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) has been investigated in a few studies, and the results were inconsistent. In addition, most studies are mainly based on the United States and European countries, in which the dietary patterns differ from that in Asia. Therefore, the risk of AML/MDS from meat, fish, or fatty acid intake in Asia requires further exploration. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between AML/MDS incidence and meat, fish, or fatty acid intake using the Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study.@*METHODS@#The present study included 93,366 participants who were eligible for analysis and followed up from the 5-year survey date until December 2012. We estimated the impact of their intake on AML/MDS incidence using a Cox proportional hazards model.@*RESULTS@#The study participants were followed up for 1,345,002 person-years. During the follow-up period, we identified 67 AML and 49 MDS cases. An increased intake of processed red meat was significantly associated with the incidence of AML/MDS, with a hazard ratio of 1.63 (95% confidence interval, 1.03-2.57) for the highest versus lowest tertile and a Ptrend of 0.04. Meanwhile, the intake of other foods and fatty acids was not associated with AML/MDS.@*CONCLUSION@#In this Japanese population, processed red meat was associated with an increased incidence of AML/MDS.

Dietary Fat Intake and its Association with Adiposity and Inflammatory Markers in Individuals at Cardiometabolic Risk

Abstract Background Fatty acids are important components of diet that may influence the development of CVD. Objective To verify the relationship of dietary fatty acids with cardiometabolic markers in individuals at the cardiometabolic risk. Methods This cross-sectional study involved 282 subjects (116 M/166 F, 42 ± 16 years) attended the Cardiovascular Health Care Program, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (Brazil). Anthropometric and body composition measurements as well as metabolic and inflammatory markers were assessed by standard procedures. Demographic and lifestyle variables were obtained by semi-structured questionnaire. Food consumption was evaluated by 24h recall. Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney-U test and chi-square test were used, considering the statistical significance level of 5% probability. Results Individuals who eaten fat, fatty acids saturated and fatty acids polyunsaturated above recommendation (> 35, 7%, and 10% of caloric intake) were more likely to be overweight (p < 0.05). Those individuals with higher intake of medium-chain fatty saturated acids (≥ 1.05 g/d) had lower values (p < 0.05) of body mass index, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio and waist-height ratio and higher values (p < 0.05) of total leukocytes, C-reactive protein and total cholesterol, and LDL. Subjects with higher of palmitoleic acid intake (≥ 0.94 g/d) presented higher values of BMI, fat percentage and HOMA-IR (p < 0.05). Conclusion This cross-sectional study found different associations of dietary fat and cardiometabolic risk related to adiposity and inflammatory markers, according with chain-size and saturation, indicating the need the more detailed on the dietary assessment of obese patients to identify risk factors and established best strategies to control. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

Efeitos clínicos e imunológicos de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados de ômega-3 e aspirina em baixa dosagem como adjuvantes ao debridamento periodontal em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2: estudo clínico randomizado / Clinical and immunological effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and low-dose aspirin as adjuncts to periodontal debridement in patients with type 2 diabetes: randomized clinical trial

A suplementação diária com ácidos graxos poli-insaturados de ômega-3 (ω-3) e a aspirina em baixa dosagem foram propostas como terapia de modulação do hospedeiro para o tratamento de doenças inflamatórias crônicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as ações clínicas e imunológicas do ω-3 e da aspirina (AAS) como terapia adjunta ao debridamento periodontal de boca toda para o tratamento da periodontite em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2. Setenta e cinco pacientes (n=25/grupo) que atendiam aos critérios de inclusão foram randomicamente designados para receber placebo e debridamento periodontal (GC), ω-3 (3g de óleo de peixe/dia por 60 dias) e AAS (100mg/dia por 60 dias) após o debridamento periodontal (GT1), e (3g de óleo de peixe/dia por 60 dias) e AAS (100mg/dia por 60 dias) antes do debridamento periodontal (GT2). Parâmetros clínicos periodontais e fluido gengival crevicular (FGC) foram coletados no baseline (t0), 90 dias (GT1 e GC) (t1), após a suplementação/medicação com ω-3 e AAS (t1), e 180 dias após o debridamento periodontal (todos os grupos) (t2). Dez pacientes (40%) no GT1 e nove pacientes (36%) no GT2 alcançaram o endpoint clínico para o tratamento (≤4 bolsas periodontais com profundidade de sondagem (PS)≥ 5mm), em contraste com quatro (16%) no GC. Houve ganho de inserção em bolsas moderadas e em bolsas profundas entre t0 e t2 para o GT1. Os níveis de concentração de IFN-γ, IL-1ß e IL-8 apresentaram redução em t2 para os dois grupos teste, com mudanças significantes prévias (t1) para o GT1. Os níveis de IL-6 apresentaram redução em t1 e em t2 para o GT1, e a MIP-1α reduziu em t2 no GT2. No GC a IL-1ß foi a única citocina a apresentar diferença estatisticamente significante na comparação entre tempos. Os resultados deste estudo clínico sugerem que a terapia adjuvante de ω-3 a AAS após o debridamento periodontal promove maiores benefícios clínicos e imunológicos ao tratamento da periodontite em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 quando comparado aos demais protocolos avaliados(AU)

Daily dietary supplementation with omega-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and low-dose aspirin (ASA) have been proposed as a host modulation therapy for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical and immunological actions of ω-3 PUFAs and ASA as an adjunct therapy to full-mouth periodontal debridement for the treatment of periodontitis in patients with type 2 diabetes. Seventy-five patients (n=25/group) meeting the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to receive placebo and periodontal debridement (CG), ω-3 (3g of fish oil/day for 60 days) and ASA (100mg/day for 60 days) after periodontal debridement (TG1), and ω-3 (3g of fish oil/day for 60 days) and ASA (100mg/day for 60 days) before periodontal debridement (TG2). Periodontal clinical parameters and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were collected at baseline (t0), 90 days (TG1 and CG) (t1), after ω-3 and ASA only (TG2) (t1), and 180 days after periodontal debridement (all groups) (t2). Ten patients (40%) in TG1 and nine patients (36%) in TG2 achieved the clinical endpoint for treatment (≤4 periodontal pockets with probing depth (PD)≥ 5mm), as opposed to four (16%) in CG. There was clinical attachment gain in moderate and deep pockets between t0 and t2 for TG1. Concentration levels of IFN-γ, IL-1ß, and IL-8 decreased over time for both test groups, with early (t1) significant changes for TG1. IL-6 levels were lower at t1 and t2 for TG1, and MIP-1α decreased at t2 for TG2. In the CG, IL1ß was the only marker presenting statistically significant changes over time. The results of this clinical study suggest that the adjunctive use of ω-3 and ASA after periodontal debridement provides clinical and immunological benefits to the treatment of periodontitis in patients with type 2 diabetes when compared to the other treatment protocols evaluated(AU)

Relação entre o consumo de gordura saturada e os fatores de risco cardiovascular em pessoas com síndrome de Down / Relationship between the consumption in fat saturated and cardiovascular risk factors in people with Down syndrome

Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre o consumo de gordura saturada e o risco cardiovascular em pessoas com síndrome de Down. Estudo transversal, realizado em 33 crianças e adolescentes com síndrome de Down atendidos no Centro Integrado de Educação Especial, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 3 e 14 anos. Método: Para determinação do estado nutricional, foram utilizadas as curvas específicas. Na avaliação do consumo alimentar foi utilizado o recordatório 24 horas, analisado pelo software "Nutwin", versão 1.5. Para identificação do risco cardiovascular, foram realizadas medidas de circunferências da cintura e pescoço, índice de conicidade, além da pressão arterial. A análise estatística dos dados foi realizada por meio do SPSS v. 18.0, utilizando os testes t de Student, para comparar os valores médios, e a correlação de Pearson, para verificar associação entre as variáveis. Resultados: O indicador P/I revelou excesso de peso para 19,04% do sexo feminino, enquanto que o consumo de gordura saturada esteve inadequado para ambos os sexos, sendo 75% e 85,71%, para meninos e meninas, respectivamente. Quanto ao risco cardiovascular, os valores médios e desvio padrão encontrados para o índice de conicidade foram de 1,02±0,47 e 1,24±0,34 para meninos e meninas, respectivamente, com diferença significativa entre os sexos (p<0,05). Conclusão: Os participantes apresentam risco cardiovascular e a inadequação no consumo de gordura saturada contribui para essa condição.(AU)

Objectives: To evaluate the relationship between the consumption of saturated fat and cardiovascular risk in people with Down syndrome. Cross-sectional study conducted in 33 children and adolescents with Down syndrome seen at Centro Integrado de Educação Especial, of both sexes, aged between 3 and 14 years. Methods: To determine the nutritional status we used the specific curves. In assessing the food intake was used the 24-hour recall, analyzed by software "Nutwin" 1.5 version. To identify cardiovascular risk, waist and neck circumferences, conicity index, as well as blood pressure were measured. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v. 18.0 using the t test Student to compare the mean values and the Pearson correlation to verify the association between variables. Results: The P / I indicator revealed excess weight to 19.04% female, while saturated fat intake was inadequate for both sexes, 75% and 85.71% for boys and girls, respectively. As the cardiovascular risk mean values and standard deviation found for conicity index were 1.02±0.47 and 1.24±0.34 for boys and girls, respectively, with a significant difference between the sexes (p<0.05). Conclusion: Participants have cardiovascular risk and inadequate in saturated fat consumption contributes to this condition.(AU)

Metabolic and Testicular Effects of the Long-Term Administration of Different High-Fat Diets in Adult Rats

To evaluate the effects of different high-fat diets on body mass, carbohydrate metabolism and testicular morphology in rats seven months old.

Bats and zoonotic viruses: can we confidently link bats with emerging deadly viruses?

An increasingly asked question is 'can we confidently link bats with emerging viruses?'. No, or not yet, is the qualified answer based on the evidence available. Although more than 200 viruses - some of them deadly zoonotic viruses - have been isolated from or otherwise detected in bats, the supposed connections between bats, bat viruses and human diseases have been raised more on speculation than on evidence supporting their direct or indirect roles in the epidemiology of diseases (except for rabies). However, we are convinced that the evidence points in that direction and that at some point it will be proved that bats are competent hosts for at least a few zoonotic viruses. In this review, we cover aspects of bat biology, ecology and evolution that might be relevant in medical investigations and we provide a historical synthesis of some disease outbreaks causally linked to bats. We provide evolutionary-based hypotheses to tentatively explain the viral transmission route through mammalian intermediate hosts and to explain the geographic concentration of most outbreaks, but both are no more than speculations that still require formal assessment.

Risk factors of female breast carcinoma: A case control study at Puducherry.

Objective: To identify and quantify various demographic, reproductive, socio-economic and dietary risk factors among women with breast cancer. Study Design: Case control study. Study Period: February 2004 to May 2005. Study Setting: Departments of Surgery, Medicine and Radiotherapy of Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Sciences and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry. Materials and Methods: Cases were women with pathologically confirmed breast cancer. Controls were age-matched women from medicine and surgery wards without any current breast problem or previous breast cancer. A total of 152 cases and 152 controls were enrolled. They were interviewed for parity, breast feeding, past history of benign breast lesion, family history and dietary history with a pre-tested interview schedule after obtaining informed written consent. Results: The significant risk factors were (odds ratios with 95% CI) previous history of biopsy for benign breast lesion 10.4 (1.3-86.3), nulliparity 2.4 (1.14-5.08), consumption of fats more than 30 g/day 2.4 (1.14-5.45) and consumption of oils containing more of saturated fat 2.0 (1.03-4.52). Conclusions: Nulliparity, past history of benign breast lesion, high fat diet and consumption of oils with more saturated fats were the risk factors.

Avaliação comparativa do efeito dos ácidos graxos oléico, palmítico e esteárico sobre biomarcadores do processo aterosclerótico / Comparative evaluation of fatty acids, oleic, palmitic and stearic, effects on atherosclerosis biomarkers

A aterosclerose é classificada como enfermidade crônica não transmissível e é considerada uma das principais causas de morte e morbidade em vários países, incluindo o Brasil. Entre as possíveis causas de sua gênese está o hábito alimentar, especificamente o consumo de ácidos graxos, principalmente saturados e trans. Ácidos graxos saturados possuem características biológicas e fisico-químicas diferentes dos insaturados. Os mais abundantes na dieta humana são o palmítico e esteárico. Sua associação com acometimentos cardiovasculares vem sendo cada vez mais investigada, principalmente os que possuem mais de dez carbonos em sua cadeia interferindo no metabolismo de lipoproteínas podendo desencadear todo o processo aterosclerótico. A indústria de alimentos vem desenvolvendo algumas tecnologias opcionais para reduzir ou eliminar ácidos graxos trans, em especial, o elaídico, dentre elas a modificação no processo de hidrogenação que aumenta a quantidade de ácidos graxos saturados. Alguns alimentos industrializados necessitam de uma grande quantidade de ácidos graxos saturados promovendo um aumento no teor de ácido palmítico e esteárico, sendo este último considerado um ácido graxo saturado neutro, mas dependendo da concentração utilizada, pode contribuir no decréscimo da HDL-c (High Density Lipoprotein), dentre outras alterações deletérias. Desta forma, investigar as alterações de determinados parâmetros biológicos diante da mudança da proporção de ácidos graxos saturados, respeitando o teor total de lipídios de uma dieta é a base deste estudo. Foram realizados ensaios em material biológico para a determinação dos seguintes parâmetros: 1) Atividade de enzimas antioxidantes; 2) Peroxidação lipídica em tecidos; 3) Lipidograma; 4) Determinação do perfil de ácidos graxos de tecidos e rações e 5) Expressão de genes relacionados com o processo aterosclerótico (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, CD36 e MCP-1). A determinação da atividade de enzimas antioxidantes foi realizada considerando somente as enzimas Catalase (CAT) e Superóxido Dismutase (SOD), por se tratarem de enzimas com alteração expressiva no processo aterogênico, na ocorrência de disfunção endotelial. Neste trabalho, foi analisada a atividade das referidas enzimas no tecido hepático e cardíaco, onde não foram constatadas alterações. O mesmo processo biológico que estimula a produção excessiva de espécies reativas pode levar ao aumento da peroxidação lipídica, principalmente de ácidos graxos polinsaturados das membranas celulares, em tecidos como fígado, cérebro e coração. A peroxidação lipídica apresentou diferenças significativas no tecido hepático. O grupo alimentado com ração enriquecida com tripalmitato apresentou peroxidação lipídica aumentada em relação ao grupo controle. Correlacionando com o perfil de ácidos graxos do tecido hepático, notamos que houve maior incorporação de ácido palmítico nesse tecido, que por apresentar configuração linear, quando incorporado à membrana celular, pode levar à disfunção e possível suscetibilidade a danos, como a peroxidação. No tecido cardíaco e no tecido cerebral não foram observadas alterações e diferenças entre os tratamentos. O lipidograma consiste na quantificação de lipoproteínas e frações lipídicas, compondo o perfil lipídico no plasma sanguíneo. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o colesterol total foi significativamente menor no grupo controle, assim como triacilglicerol e LDL colesterol (LDL-c). Já HDL colesterol (HDL-c) está reduzida no grupo que recebeu ração suplementada com ácido palmítico, assim como este grupo apresentou parâmetros aumentados nas dosagens de triacilglicerol e colesterol total. Os grupos alimentados com ração suplementada com triestearato e trioleato apresentaram resultados intermediários para a dosagem de HDL-c, com valores tendendo ao grupo suplementado com tripalmitato. Em relação à dosagem de LDL-c, foi constatada diferença entre os grupos suplementados e o grupo controle. Destaca-se que não houve diferença entre a dosagem entre os grupos suplementados. Portanto, o grupo alimentado com dieta enriquecida com ácido oleico (monoinsaturado) equipara-se aos grupos alimentados com dietas enriquecidas com ácido esteárico e palmítico (saturados). O perfil de ácidos graxos do tecido hepático mostrou uma porcentagem elevada de ácido palmítico no grupo alimentado com ração enriquecida com o mesmo ácido graxo, com diferença estatística em relação aos demais grupos. Já em relação ao ácido esteárico, não houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos. Em compensação, o teor de ácido oleico no grupo suplementado com este mesmo ácido graxo e com ácido palmítico foi significativamente diferente em relação aos demais, com valores superiores. Este resultado demonstra que não houve dessaturação do ácido esteárico a oleico, ao menos neste modelo. No tecido cardíaco, foi observado o mesmo comportamento. No tecido cardíaco não houve diferença estatística significativa da concentração de ácidos graxos, indicando que não houve incorporação ou dessaturação. Ressalta-se que de acordo com determinação realizada utilizando a técnica de cromatografia gasosa, as rações apresentavam em sua composição o teor de lipídios adequado ao modelo animal e as proporções de ácidos graxos alteradas como proposto no objetivo deste trabalho. Em relação às moléculas de adesão e quimiocinas (VCAM-1, ICAM-1, CD-36 e MCP-1) relacionadas com o processo aterosclerótico, houve somente alteração na molécula CD-36 no grupo alimentado com ração enriquecida com trioleato, com redução em relação aos demais. Mas, as moléculas de adesão relacionadas com o processo inicial da aterogênese, a expressão gênica realizada através da técnica de q-RT-PCR não foi relevante, não apresentando diferença entre os tratamentos. Conclui-se, portanto, que os tratamentos aplicados ao modelo animal selecionado possui o potencial de alterar lipoproteínas plasmáticas, mas não de manter a continuidade e desencadear o processo inflamatório relacionado à aterogênese

Atherosclerosis is chronic a non-communicable disease considered one of a major cause of morbidity and mortality in several countries, including Brazil. Among all the possible causes of their genesis the dietary habit of high fatty acid intake, especially saturated and trans fatty acids is the most important. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids possess different biological and physicochemical characteristics. The most abundant fatty acid in the human diet are palmitic and stearic and they association with cardiovascular events has been increasingly investigated, especially those one with more than ten carbons in its chain which interfers in the lipoproteins metabolism and can initiate the atherosclerotic process. The food industry has developed some optional technologies to reduce or eliminate the presence of trans fatty acids in foods, in particular elaidic, which after the hydrogenation process increases the saturated fatty acids content. Some industrialized foods requires a large amount of saturated fatty acids that promote an increase of palmitic and stearic content, the last fatty acid mentioned is considered a neutral saturated fatty acid that can contribute to the decrease in HDL-c (High Density lipoprotein), depending on the concentration used, among other deleterious changes. Thus, investigate changes of specifics biological parameters in response to consumption of different saturated fatty acids, respecting the total content of lipids in a normolipidic diet is the aim of this study. Assays were conducted to determine the following parameters in the tissues: 1) Activity of antioxidant enzymes, 2) Lipid peroxidation, 3) Lipidogram; 4) Fatty acid composition 5) Expression of genes related the atherosclerotic process (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, CD36 and MCP- 1). The determination of the activity of antioxidant enzymes was carried out considering only the enzymes Catalase (CAT) and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), because they are enzymes more sensitive and readily available in changes resulted of an atherosclerotic process with endothelial dysfunction. In the study, no changes were observed in activity of these enzymes in the liver and heart. The same biological process that stimulates the overproduction of reactive species can lead to increased lipid peroxidation, especially of polyunsaturated fatty acids present in cell membranes of tissues such as liver, brain and heart. The group fed with diet enriched with tripalmitate showed increased lipid peroxidation compared to control group. Correlating this information with the fatty acid profile in liver tissue, we noted that there was a greater incorporation of palmitic acid, which exhibit linear configuration when incorporated into the cell membrane and can lead to dysfunction and higher susceptibility to damages such as oxidation. No differences were observed in the others tissues analyzed. The lipidogram is the quantification of lipoprotein and lipid fractions, composing the lipid profile in blood plasma. The results showed that total cholesterol was significantly lower in the control group, as well triglyceride and LDL cholesterol (LDL-c). HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration is reduced and triacylglycerol and cholesterol increased n the group fed with diet supplemented with palmitic. The groups fed with diets supplemented with tristearate and trioleate presented intermediate results for the measurement of HDL-c, with values tending to the group supplemented with tripalmitate. Regarding LDL-c levels, significant differences were observed between the supplemented groups and the control group. Emphasis that there was no difference between the dosage between the supplemented groups. Therefore, the group fed with oleic acid (monounsaturated) supplemented diet equates to the groups fed with diets enriched with stearic and palmitic acid (saturated). The fatty acid profile of liver tissue showed a high percentage of palmitic acid in the group fed with diet enriched with the same fatty acid, with a statistical difference compared to the other groups. In relation to stearic acid, there were no significant differences between groups. As compensation, the oleic acid content in the group supplemented with the same fatty acid and palmitic acid was significantly higher when compared to the others. This result demonstrates that no desaturation of stearic acid to oleic happened in this experimental model. In cardiac tissue there was no statistically significant difference in the concentration of fatty acids, indicating no incorporation or desaturation. Regarding adhesion molecules and chemokines (VCAM-1, ICAM- 1, CD-36 and MCP-1) related to the atherosclerotic process, there was only change in the gene expression of CD-36 molecule in the group fed diet enriched with trioleate, with reduction in relation to others. No other alterations were observed. In conclusion, we verified that the consumption of the different fatty acids in this experimental model has potential to alter lipoproteins levels but not to iniciate or maintain the inflammatory process associated with atherogenesis

Efeito dos ácidos graxos essenciais sobre lipidemia e vascularização da membrana vitelina de codornas japonesas / Effect of essential fatty acids on lipidemia and vitelline membrane vascularization in Japanese quails

Verificou-se o efeito de diferentes fontes de ácidos graxos essenciais ômega-3 e ômega-6 sobre o perfil lipídico de codornas japonesas e sobre o crescimento vascular na membrana vitelina dos embriões de aves suplementadas com óleo de peixe, 2% e 4%, e óleo de soja, 2% e 4%, em relação à dieta-controle, sem suplementação lipídica. Foi usado o método enzimático com reação colorimétrica para estimar o perfil lipídico sérico de colesterol total, triglicerídeos e HDL das aves. A vascularização na membrana vitelina foi quantificada por meio da dimensão fractal, utilizando-se o método de box-counting. A concentração de colesterol dos grupos controle e tratados não diferiu entre si. Para o HDL, o grupo que recebeu maior proporção de óleo de peixe, 4%, diferiu dos outros grupos. Os níveis de triglicerídeos das codornas suplementadas com óleo de peixe foram superiores aos dos demais grupos. A dimensão fractal da vascularização da membrana vitelina dos embriões de codornas dos grupos que receberam 4% de óleo de peixe e 4% de óleo de soja foi significativamente menor que a dos demais grupos, indicando efeitos antiangiogênicos no processo de formação vascular.

The effect of different sources of omega-3 and omega-6 essential fatty acids on serum lipid profile in Japanese quails and on vascular growth in the embryos vitelline membrane was verified. The birds were supplemented with fish oil, 2% and 4%, and soybean oil, 2% and 4%, and one control diet, without lipid supply. The enzymatic method with colorimetric reaction was used to estimate the profile of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL of the birds. Vitelline membrane vascularization was measured using the box-counting fractal dimension. The cholesterol concentration of the treated and control groups showed no difference. For HDL, the group treated with a higher proportion of fish oil, 4%, differed from other groups. The triglycerides levels of quails supplemented with fish oil were higher than the other groups. The fractal dimension of quail embryos vitelline membrane from the groups treated with 4% fish oil and 4% soybean oil was lower than the other groups, indicating antiangiogenic effects on the vascular formation process.

Calidad de grasa, arterioesclerosis y enfermedad coronaria: efectos de los ácidos grasos saturados y ácidos grasos trans / Quality of fat intake, atherosclerosis and coronary disease: effects of saturated and trans fatty acids

Epidemiological, clinical and metabolic research has shown a strong association between dietary fatty acids intake and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and clinical events. Saturated fatty acids (SFA) and trans fatty acids (TFA) derived from industrial hydrogenation of oils have been associated with an increased prevalence of CVD. However experimental results on the relationship between physiological pathologic effects and specific functions of individual SFA are often contradictory. Therefore a more detailed exploration of the potential benefit and risks of specific saturated and trans fatty acids is needed in order to update dietary recommendations. In the case of TFAs, the deleterious effect on CVD has been well demonstrated and a maximum accepted level of 1 percent of total energy has been agreed internationally. What is currently under discussion is what would be the best alternative to replace them in the diet.

Propriedades da carne e perfil de ácidos graxos do pernil de catetos (Tayassu tajacu) alimentados com torta de babaçu (Orbignya phalerata) / Meat properties and fatty acids profile of the ham of peccaries (Tayassu tajacu) fed babassu (Orbignya phalerata) meal

Analisaram-se as propriedades da carne e o perfil de ácidos graxos do pernil de catetos alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes porcentagens de torta de babaçu, usada como fonte energética alternativa substituindo parte do milho na alimentação, em sistemas de produção em cativeiro. Avaliou-se o pernil de 12 animais quanto às suas propriedades - perda de peso ao cozimento, força de cisalhamento, pH e capacidade de retenção de água-, depois extraiu-se o óleo da carne e determinou-se o perfil dos ácidos graxos. Não foram observados efeitos (P>0,05) das porcentagens de torta de babaçu sobre as propriedades da carne; os ácidos graxos (AG) insaturados, mono e poli-insaturados, foram encontrados em maior quantidade (51,6-57,8 por cento) que os ácidos graxos saturados (42,2-48,4 por cento) na carne do pernil. Baseando-se na teoria de que os AG poli-insaturados ingeridos na dieta humana são responsáveis pela redução nos níveis séricos de colesterol, sugere-se que a carne de catetos seja uma boa fonte alternativa de proteína.

The meat properties and the fatty acids profile of the ham of peccaries ham fed diets with different levels of babassu meal, used as an alternative energy source substituting part of corn on feeding peccaries in captivity, were studied. The ham meats of 12 animals were evaluated on their properties: cooking losses, shear force, pH, and water holding capacity. After that, the meat oil was extracted to determine the fatty acids contents. No effects (P>0.05) of the babassu meal levels on the meat properties were observed. The unsaturated fatty acids, mono and polyunsaturated, were found in higher quantity than the saturated fatty acids in the ham meat of peccaries. Based on the theory that the polyunsaturated fatty acids ingested in the human diet are responsible for reduction of the seric levels of cholesterol, it can be suggested that the peccary meat is a good alternative source of protein.

Ácido linoléico conjugado e perfil de ácidos graxos no músculo e na capa de gordura de novilhos bubalinos alimentados com diferentes fontes de lipídios / Linoleic conjugated acid and fatty acids profile in the muscle and fat layer of water buffalo steers fed different fat sources

Avaliaram-se o teor de ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA) e o perfil de ácidos graxos no músculo e na capa de gordura de novilhos bubalinos alimentados com diferentes fontes de lipídios. Utilizaram-se 12 animais castrados, da raça Murrah, com peso vivo de 306±8kg, submetidos aos tratamentos sem lipídeo adicional, grão de soja e óleo de soja, confinados durante 84 dias. Após o abate a carcaça foi resfriada a 5ºC, durante 24 horas. Foi feita secção entre a nona e a 11ª costelas da meia carcaça direita, de onde se separou músculo e capa de gordura, analisadas as concentrações de CLA e de ácidos graxos, por cromatografia gasosa. O fornecimento de óleo de soja resultou em maior concentração de CLA no músculo e na capa de gordura, e a adição de óleo de soja menores concentrações de ácidos graxos saturados, principalmente os ácidos mirístico e palmítico. Os animais que receberam a dieta com grão de soja integral também apresentaram menor teor de CLA e redução nas concentrações de mirístico e palmítico. Esses efeitos foram observados somente na capa de gordura e em menor intensidade.

The effect of different fat sources on fatty acid concentrations in the muscle and in the fat layer of water buffalo steers was studied. Twelve water buffalo steers weighting 306±8kg, fed without additional fat, soybean grain or soybean oil and confined during 84 days were used. The animals were slaughtered after 16-hours-fasting and the carcass was cooled at 5ºC, for 24 hours. A section was extracted between 9th and 11th ribs from the right half carcass and this section was separated in bone, muscle and fat layer. In the last two fractions, the fatty acids, including conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), were quantified by gaseous chromatography. The soybean oil provided higher CLA concentrations in the steers muscle and fat layer. Moreover, the soybean oil inclusion promoted lower saturated fatty acids contents, mainly miristic and palmitic acids. There was also increase in CLA concentrations and decrease in miristic and palmitic acids contents in the fat layer of the animals fed soybean grain diet. However, these effects were more moderate than those observed for the diet with soybean oil.

Coconut fats.

In many areas of Sri Lanka the coconut tree and its products have for centuries been an integral part of life, and it has come to be called the "Tree of life". However, in the last few decades, the relationship between coconut fats and health has been the subject of much debate and misinformation. Coconut fats account for 80% of the fat intake among Sri Lankans. Around 92% of these fats are saturated fats. This has lead to the belief that coconut fats are 'bad for health', particularly in relation to ischaemic heart disease. Yet most of the saturated fats in coconut are medium chain fatty acids whose properties and metabolism are different to those of animal origin. Medium chain fatty acids do not undergo degradation and re-esterification processes and are directly used in the body to produce energy. They are not as 'bad for health' as saturated fats. There is the need to clarify issues relating to intake of coconut fats and health, more particularly for populations that still depend on coconut fats for much of their fat intake. This paper describes the metabolism of coconut fats and its potential benefits, and attempts to highlight its benefits to remove certain misconceptions regarding its use.

Efeito do peso de abate no perfil de ácidos graxos da gordura de cordeiros / Effect of the weight of abattoirs in the profile of fatty acids of the fat of sheep

Foi conduzido um experimento com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de raças, peso ou idade de abate de cordeiros sobre o perfil dos ácidos graxos em três depósitos de gordura (omental, mesentérica e perirenal). Foram ultilizados 48 machos inteiros, sendo 24 cordeiros da raça Merino e 24 descendentes do cruzamento entre as raças Ile de France x Merino, submetidos á mesma dieta e manejo. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente ao acaso e todas as médias foram submetidas à análise de regressão, utilizando o teste SNK para comparação de média. Analisando os resultados observa-se que o avanço do peso de abate reduziu os ácidos palmítico, esteárico e oléico. As raças não influenciaram os ácidos graxos esteárico, oléico e linoléico, porém atuaram sobre o ácido palmítico.

Acidos graxos trans: implicações nutricionais e fontes na dieta / Trans fatty acids: nutritional implications and sources in the diet

Este artigo revisa as principais fontes de ácidos graxos trans na dieta e as implicações nutricionais da ingestão elevada destes isômeros. São apresentados resumidamente os métodos analíticos utilizados na identificação e quantificação dos ácidos graxos trans, sendo abordados as suas vantagens e desvantagens. Os alimentos que empregam gordura parcialmente hidrogenada na sua produção, são fontes importantes de isômeros trans na dieta da maior parte da população em países industrializados. Este estudo compara os níveis de ácidos graxos trans em gorduras hidrogenadas, margarinas e batatas frita, analisados em diversos países, incluindo o Brasil. Esta avaliação indica a presença de níveis elevados de isômeros trans em alimentos produzidos no Brasil.

Obesidad y ácidos grasos en la etiología de la resistencia insulínica / Obesity and fatty acids in the etiology of insulin resistance

Fatty acids, obesity and insulin resistance relationship are discussed. In the last decades fatty acids (FA) have been implicated in the etiology of insulin resistance. Initially, this process was related to FA inhibitory effects on glucose uptake mediated by the FA oxidation metabolites. This mechanism known as the Randle cycle has been presently discarded based on recent evidence for FA effects on glucose metabolism. Now is known that cytosolic lipid content and FA molecular structure determines higher or lower storage and oxidation capacity. Another factor is given by Tumor Necrosis Factor-a, which is overexpressed in animal and human obesity, producing insulin signaling and glucose uptake inhibition. This paper discuss the role played by FA and obesity on insulin resistance, mainly in relation to FA effects on glucose metabolism in the liver, muscle and adipose tissues. In the obesity condition adipose tissue releases higher levels of free FA which in turn stimulates hepatic glucose production. Adipose tissue also, increase TNF-a secretion impairing glucose utilization and insulin signaling. In muscle, cytosolic lipid content activate a Protein Kinase that inhibits the insulin signaling and reduce GLUT-4 translocation. The study of cellular and metabolic changes associated to weight gain and its relationship with insulin resistance etiology are encouraged

Trans fatty acid isomers in human health and in the food industry

Trans fatty acids are unsaturated fatty acids with at least one double bond in the trans configuration. These fatty acids occur naturally in dairy and other natural fats and in some plants. However, industrial hydrogenation of vegetable or marine oils is largely the main source of trans fatty acids in our diet. The metabolic effect of trans isomers are today a matter of controversy generating diverse extreme positions in light of biochemical, nutritional, and epidemiological studies. Trans fatty acids also have been implicated in the etiology of various metabolic and functional disorders, but the main concern about its health effects arose because the structural similarity of these isomers to saturated fatty acids, the lack of specific metabolic functions, and its competition with essential fatty acids. The ingestion of trans fatty acids increases low density lipoprotein (LDL) to a degree similar to that of saturated fats, but it also reduces high density lipoproteins (HDL), therefore trans isomers are considered more atherogenic than saturated fatty acids. Trans isomers increase lipoprotein(a), a non-dietary-related risk of atherogenesis, to levels higher than the corresponding chain-length saturated fatty acid. There is little evidence that trans fatty acids are related to cancer risk at any of the major cancer sites. Considerable improvement has been obtained with respect to the metabolic effect of trans fatty acids due the development of analytical procedures to evaluate the different isomers in both biological and food samples. The oleochemical food industries have developed several strategies to reduce the trans content of hydrogenated oils, and now margarine and other hydrogenated-derived products containing low trans or virtually zero trans are available and can be obtained in the retail market. The present review provides an outline of the present status of trans fatty acids including origin, analytical procedures, estimated ingestion, metabolic effects, efforts to reduce trans isomers in our diet, and considerations for future prospects on trans isomers